Full Project – In vivo antioxidant activity of Emilia Sonchifolia leaves aqueous extract on Wistar albino rats

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Emilia sonchifolia is a well known annual weed seen in most tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It can be found in Africa, Asia, Australia, America and various oceanic island. It is used in the treatment of gastropathy, diarrhea, fevers, tumors (Sophia et al., 2011).

Many living cells are able to convert arsenite to arsenate through oxidation, which generates two electrons important for the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) (Valko et al., 2005). By Fenton reaction, the H₂O₂ produces hydroxyl radical, a very active oxygen radical contributing to a wide range of macromolecule oxidation (Jomova et al., 2011). In addition to the reactive oxygen species generation from arsenic metabolism, arsenic can also heighten reactive oxygen species generation by activating the membrane-bound NADPH oxidase complex, which is responsible for the release of superoxide anion radical (O₂•−) (Chou et al., 2004). Mammalian cells equipped with several different antioxidant systems to scavenge or neutralize lower to moderate levels of reactive oxygen species to prevent oxidative stress and tissue injury. However, excessive generation of ROS will overwhelm the cellular antioxidant capability, leading to oxidative damages on DNA, lipid, protein, as well as the activation of some cell proliferative (Zheng et al., 2011).

Antioxidants are able to donate electrons and neutralize free radicals resulting in the prevention of cell injuries (Saeidnia and Abdollahi 2013); however, there is limited information on the molecular mechanism and biological activities of these compounds. Recently, the search for effective and natural phytocompounds with antioxidant activity has been strengthened (Negrette-Guzman et al., 2013).

1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

People migrate from the rural areas to Urban areas in search of greener pasture, they end up settling in a highly industrialized zones which makes them more vulnerable to many kinds of diseases and ailments. As a result of too much accumulation of some of the heavy metals, they suffer various kinds of oxidative stress. Which is caused by free radical induced by these heavy metals? The Western medicines used in the treatment of these diseases can cause serious adverse effects, which led me to search for other alternative sources of the medicine. Having being known that Emilia Sonchifolia is a plant with many medicinal properties, Hence there is need to investigate the plant and it’s ability to scavenge free radicals.

1.2 AIM OF STUDY

The aim of this study is to determine the antioxidant activity of Emilia sonchifolia leaves extract.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

To determine the antioxidant activity of Emilia sonchifolia leaves extract.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study will cover:

Determination of enzymatic antioxidant activity which include the following:

Determination of superoxide dismutase ability,

Determination of catalase activity

Determination of non enzymatic antioxidant, which include:

Estimation of reduced glutathione

Estimation of lipid peroxidation.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

At the end of the work, the data presented elucidated with the antioxidant activity of Emilia sonchifolia leaves aqueous extract and also provided more information as regards to further research that was done on this plant.

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