Full Project – The incidence of human immune deficiency virus (HIV) among pregnant women

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) was first reported in United State of America. Human Immune Deficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome case was first seen 1983 with a young home sexual man who has Kaposi Sarcome (i.e. usual tumor might offer this unity to find avail cause of human cancer later this year’s immune deficiency was found to be underlying disorder in such patient and other certain malignancies (e.g. Pneumonia, Carnal Pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, since then the virus has assumed a pediatric distribution) (Calant, 2004). More so, in 1983 a French scientist isolated from transcript as in containing virus from the lymph node of a man with persistent padenopathy syndrome (i.e LAV – 1).In the same years American scientist isolated a retrovirus types iii (ATLV-iii) (Baresinousi 1983, Halloet al.,1984).

Seproprualan studies demonstrated the association between HIV and induction with HIV, HIV the international committee on the taxonomy of virus (ICTU)in 1986 named HIV iii/LAV–195 HIV–I 1937 calls Immune deprivedric in the virus belongs to the teroviride 80 – 100mm in diameter icosahedra capsid of particles poly peptide morphology. the genome is single linear inverted dimonera molecular weight 6X106 and associated with vision Rivers Transcriptase (R.T). (Jopleyand Wilson, 1990).

Human Immune-deficiency Virus HIV is the sole action logical of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS Related Complex ( ARC). Also AIDS is the name given to a group of disorder characterized by a profound cell medicated immune deficiency consequential to irreversible virus (ritroviridea) (oforofuo et al.,1999). During early infection within 2–12weeks HIV test may be negative, because no detectable cells of antibodies have been developed by the body. This often referred to as “Window period” and injected individual are highly infective although the test as usually negative (Barre Sinoussi, et al., 1983). The rate with AIDS, developed is believed maybe negative because no detectable of antibodies has been developed by the body this often referred to as window period and infected individual are highly infectious although the test as usually (Barre Sinoussi, et al., 1983). The rate which AIDS develop is by similar in Africa (Piot at 1985) this very long incubation period differs only among infected infants, the monitoring of whom develops aids before fifth birthday. Human Immune Deficiency virus/AIDS prevalence rate ranging from few over 50% can be found among persons with multiple sexual partners and injection change equipment for intra venous drugs use in 1990 global HIV infection was about8–10 micron the figure was based on HIV detained the (Dondero at al., 1989) and Europe( WHO,1990).Sub Sahara Africa is the region of the world that is most affected by HIV /AIDS an estimated 27.9 million people were living with HIV the end of the year zoll and approximately 2.7 million new infections occurred during that year Africa the first reported case was reported in 1984 in Kenya.

In Nigeria the HIV/AIDS prevalence rate rises from 1.8% in 1988 to5.8% in 2001 Since1991 the federal ministry of health has caused a national HIV/syphilis sentinel. Sero prevalence survey in every two years the most recent survey was in 2003 and it is estimated that there were 3,300,000 adults living with HIV/AIDS in Nigeria 1,900,000 (57%) of these are women. In the 2003 survey the national prevalence rate had dropped to5% from 5.8% 2001 however, it was found that state prevalence rates vary from as low as 1.2% in Zamfara State to as highest as 12% in Sokoto state. Overall 13 of Nigerians 36 state had prevalence rate of over 5% these figure gives support to the claim that there are explosive localized epidemics in some state. In 2008 it was estimated that there were 300, 000 death for AIDS and 2million AIDS orphans in Nigeria there has been an alarming increase in the number of HIV positive children in recent years 90% of whom contained the virus from their mothers (USAID July, 2011). This therefore calls for this research work using anti – natal care (ANC) In Dr. Karima Hospital Gusau Zamfara State case study since on the goals of ANC is to detected and treat unless or obstetric disorder enchanted and in pregnancy during or after clinical birth to ensure conformity with best standard highly in healthy living wishing a society for societal development (Fleisher and Bolognese, 1983).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

It was discovered that HIV/AIDS dominates and plays a vital role in affection the unborn baby during the pregnancy, nowadays mothers during their complete life cycle and men especially travelers as the spreaders of the disease. World Health Organization (WHO) have attempted in mobilization and bringing Anti Viral drugs to reduce the virus from spreading. According to sentinel secure prevalence survey in the year 2012 after ensuring that HIV/AIDS is acquired not in white so they say can be reduce in such factor can be considered if this can be look up sharing clipper and their sharp edge mentioned can be stop or can be reduced the spreading of the disease. Some people are still in hazed about the word HIV/AIDS that is their way to be pitiful to their partners and to avoid coming in contact with contaminated blood and enter women while labor.

1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

This research could be more and more important and helpful to health workers and also to people in Gusau town to know more above the risk of HIV so that they will be asked and be preventive for the good and effective life sustenance. This research will help the people living with HIV/AIDS to be fully informed and well educated. It also important to doctors, and administrators as well as students who may wish to make a reference to the study in orders to help them.

1.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this research is to evaluate the incidence of human Immune deficiency virus among pregnancy women attending Dr. Karima Hospital Gusau. The objectives of this research include:

To determine the prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS among pregnant women in the study area.
To determine the prevalence of HIV/AIDS among pregnant women on the basis of age, trimester and parity.

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