Full Project - KNOWLEDGE, PERCEPTION AND STANDARD PRECAUTIONS AMONG HEALTH

Full Project – KNOWLEDGE, PERCEPTION AND STANDARD PRECAUTIONS AMONG HEALTH CARE WORKERS

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

All health care professionals should take frequent steps to protect their skin and mucous membranes from exposure to a patient’s blood or bodily fluids. Gloves should be used while contacting any patient’s blood or bodily fluids, mucous membrane, or non-intact skin, or when handling things or surfaces tainted with blood or body fluids. Gloves should be replaced after each patient interaction. Hands and other skin surfaces should be quickly cleansed, or as soon as patient safety allows. Although gloves should be cleansed promptly after removal during any surgical or medical treatment, they cannot prevent penetrating injuries caused by needles or other sharp instruments. Health Care-Associated Illnesses (HCAIs), also known as Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs), are infections that were neither present or incubating at the time of the patient’s hospitalization. In 2015, the third nationwide prevalence study of HCAIs revealed an infection rate of 8.2 percent. (Infections in Health Care Settings, 2014)

The Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2016) and World Health Organization (WHO, 2011) identified the components of standard precautions as the following; hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, gowns, mouth, nose and eye protection, respiratory care equipment and instruments/devices, care of environment, linens, waste disposal, safe injection practices and post exposure prophylaxis.

In recent years, attention to health care associated infections (HAIs) formerly referred to as nosocomial infections have grown. Since most people with blood borne viral infections such as Human Immune Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) do not have symptoms nor can they be visibly recognized as being infected, standard precautions are designed for the care of all the clients and staff regardless of whether or not they are infected. The blood borne infections among health care workers are often gotten from sharp injuries and blood splashes and these accounts for about 50% of cases (Offili, et al 2012).

Smeltzer, Bare, Henkel &Cheaver (2012) suggested that standard precaution is a set of protective behaviours which replace the previously recommended universal precautions and body substance isolation. According to them, the tenets of standard precautions are that all patients are colonized or infected with microorganism without signs or symptoms and that a uniform level of caution should be used to care for all patients. It was against this background that this study assesses the knowledge, attitude and practice of standard precautions among health care workers in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital as they attend to their patients.

Statement of Problem

Hazards among health care workers can pose serious health problems. One of such hazards is the increased predisposition to infection and injury. This problem is universal and affects health care workers all over the world. Patients are also to be protected from infection in the environment, from patient to patients and from medical practitioner to patient. In 2015, the Centre for Disease Control through its Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) came together to reduce the risk for exposure of health care workers to HIV through the development of standard precautionary measures. (Smeltzer, Bare, Henkel &Cheaver, 2012 ).

During the process of caring for patients, health care workers are exposed to infections because of the procedures they perform. These put the health care workers and patients at risk of being infected. For instance hepatitis B (HBV) and HIV/AIDS may be contracted by the health care worker or transmitted to patients through fluids and exudates from blood during the process of giving care if proper precautionary measures are not taken. (Centre for Disease Control, 2010).

Having worked as a trained nurse/midwife as well as peri-operative nurse for more than 20 years in the surgical unit, and other units of the hospital, the researcher observed that even though there are containers kept for sharps that should be separated from other refuse, most health care workers as well as other care givers still derail in their outstanding performance. It is therefore the intent of this research to investigate the knowledge, attitude and practice of standard precautionary measures among health care workers in Nigeria.

Purpose of the Study

This study is aimed at determining the knowledge, attitude and practice of standard precautionary measures among health care workers.

Specific Objectives

Specifically, the objectives of the study are to:

Determine the knowledge of standard precaution among health care workers .
Determine the attitude of health care workers towards the use of standard precautionary measures.
Determine the practice of standard precautionary measures among health care workers .

Research Questions:

This study will answer the following questions

What is the health care workers’ knowledge of standard precautionary measures?
What is the attitude of health care workers towards standard precautionary measures?
How do health care workers at practice standard precautionary measures?

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Full Project – KNOWLEDGE, PERCEPTION AND STANDARD PRECAUTIONS AMONG HEALTH CARE WORKERS

CHAPTER ONE

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