Full Project – Effects of some classes of insecticides Onclarias Gariepinus juveniles

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction

The living world is heavily dependent on chemicals (natural and synthetic) growing demand of food for increasing population has lead to substantial production and application of various agro-chemical (pesticides and fertilizers) (Ghazala et al., 2014). Organisms that dwell in human and animal body and on or around the plants, reduce the nutritional value of the food sources or cause damage during production, storage and consumption (Valavanidis, et al., 2006, Candioti,et al., 2010, Choung, et al.., 2013]. Pesticides are named as insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, acaricides, nematocides according to the organism groups on which they have an effect. Nowadays, conscious nourishment trends, biological values of aquatic products and the fact that they have high protein qualities increase the significance of aquatic environments (Valavanidis, et al., 2006, Cox, and Surgan, 2006, Boone et al., 2013). Economical utilization of natural water sources is as important as the utilization without contamination with respect to the potential of aquatic products. It is obvious that World’s water sources are decreasing and becoming more contaminated every day. Domestic and industrial wastes can still be sent to the water sources despite all the measures taken. In the researches about water contamination, it has been declared that there are biochemical, histopathological, genotoxic and molecular changes in the tissue of the fish and these changes may be used as the indicators for determining the level of contamination. Using insecticides in huge amounts in agriculture leads to contamination not only when these insecticides accumulate in soil or water but also when they are poisonous to wild life, fish or other aquatic invertebrates. Like other pesticides, insecticides contaminate the seas, fresh waters, lakes and rivers in various ways. Thus, the fact that insecticides become a part of food chain and bioaccumulation of insecticides along these chains create serious problems in the ecosystem (Yeh, et al.., 2005, Li, et al., 2011, Güneş, and Yerli, 2011). It has been found that such substances show an increase of about 105. Bioaccumulation depends on the uptake, elimination ability of each organism and the physiochemical properties of the xenobiotic. The uptake from water or food depends on the water solubility of the xenobiotic and the trophic position of organism. While decreasing water solubility of toxicant and increasing trophic position, there is usually a greater accumulation from food. Insecticides bioaccumulation and biomagnification in fish and marine mammals were reported by several studies (Chandrasekara, and Pathiratne, 2005; Deng, 2009; Forsgren, et al., 2013). Toxicant biotransformation is usually related to metabolic rate, which increases from marine invertebrates to vertebrates and from fish to seabirds and mammals too. However, many seabirds show low ability in metabolizing pollutants and in increasing the bioaccumulation. Aquatic toxicology studies include the standardization of acute and chronic toxicity test methods, sediment toxicity and dietary assessments, and contaminant sensitivity studies of at risk species of concern including fish, amphibians and mollusks (Livingstone, 2001 Boone et al., 2013, Candioti, 2013, Rivadeneira, 2013).

1.2 Justification

Pesticides are known to be persistent and toxic elements in the environment. The increase in use of insecticides in farms have considerable effect on aquatic biota due to run-off into water bodies. These chemical are toxic and accumulate in fish tissues and are transferred to human bodies through consumption of such fishes. The local population are at direct risk of these ecotoxins, hence, calls the need for determining the effect it may induce in the pathology of organs of the non-target organisms.

1.3 Aims

Aim

To Assess the histopathological changes associated with insecticides (organophosphate and pyrethroid) on catfish Clarias gariepinus.

Objectives

• To assess the histopathological changes in gills, liver and skin of Claris gariepinus exposed to organophosphate and pyrethroid.
• To assess behavioral changes of Clarias gariepinus juveniles exposed to DDVP and cypermethrin.

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Full Project – Effects of some classes of insecticides Onclarias Gariepinus juveniles