Full Project – Charges in the concentration of nitric oxide in the serum gills brain liver and kidney of clarias gariepinus exposed to glyphosatebased herbicide
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CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
One of the major environmental problems all over the world is the pollution of the aquatic environment as pollutants affects aquatic organisms and even health of human beings (Oluwatosin et al., 2016).Most rivers are polluted as a result of human and agricultural waste frequently discharged into them and this could cause various histological, pathological as well as biochemical alteration in fish as well as other aquatic organism (Reddy, 2012).
Glyphosate is formulated as an isopropylanine salt and can be described as an organophosphorus compound (Inyang et al., 2016). It is the active ingredient found in many herbicides which are used to control weed in agricultural and forestry and also for algae control (Cedergreen et al., 2005) and it is known to affect animal life (Liu et al., 2006). In terrestrial animal, glyphosate reaches these organisms through direct application and contaminated food consumption; however, its application to aquatic environment is not so common as compared to terrestrial environment (Dorr, 2015). Glyphosate- based herbicides can reach the aquatic environment through many ways; it can be applied in water bodies directly for algae control, it can also reach the aquatic environment through leaching run-off and contaminated food source (Annett, 2014).
Pollutants in the environment like herbicides have been implicated in modulating antioxidant defence system therapy causing oxidative damage to aquatic life forms through the generation of ROS (Achube and Osakwe, 2003; Liu et al., 2008; Monteiro et al., 2006).Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are provided as a result of an imbalance in ratio of pro and antioxidants and consequently, oxidative stress develops (Ayanda et al., 2015). Oxidative stress is defined as excessive reactive oxygen species production in response to xenobiotic detoxification that overwhelms natural defence mechanism leading to cumulative damage of biomolecules including nucleic acid, proteins and lipids (Kelly et al., 1998).
Stress indices or biomarkers have been employed to assess the negative effects of contaminants in aquatic organisms (Viarengo and Casson, 1991).Among these biomarkers, nitric oxide is employed in oxidative stress assessment (Ignarro, 1990). Nitric Oxide activity has been detected in many fish species, gold fish, Carrassus auratus (Neumann et al.,1995) and African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Yin, Len and Sin, 1997). The use of biomarkers in monitoring aquatic pollution confers significant advantages over traditional chemical measurements because measured biological effects can be partly linked to environmental consequences so that the environmental can be directly addressed (Adebayo and Oluwatoyin, 2011).
Nitric oxide possesses a biphasic action in it’s effect on oxidative killing of cells; in low concentration, it protects against oxidative killing while higher doses enhances killing (Joshi et al., 2000) hence the need to determine it’s concentration in Clarias gariepinus on exposure to glyphosate-based herbicides, laying emphasis on the serum, gills and brain tissues of Clarias gariepinus.
Aim Of The Study
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of glyphosate-based herbicides on the concentration of nitric oxide in the serum, gills and brain tissues in Clarias gariepinus.
Objectives Of The Study
To determine the concentration of total protein in serum, gills and brain tissues of Clarias gariepinus.
To determine the levels of Nitric oxide in the serum, gills and brain tissues of Clarias gariepinus.
Significance Of The Study
The use of herbicides in agriculture has led to environmental pollution in water either through leaching, runoff, or by direct application for weed control.Since pollutants usually have adverse effects on aquatic animals especially fish and humans that consume them, and are often implicated in the production of free radicals (Reactive Oxygen Species) it will be of immense benefit to monitor the effect of such pollutants. Thus, the findings of this study will help present nitric oxide as biomarker of oxidative stress and early warning signs for aquatic pollution and Clarias gariepinus, as a suitable bio- indicator organism for water ecotoxicology studies with special reference to glyphosate- based contaminants.
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Full Project – Charges in the concentration of nitric oxide in the serum gills brain liver and kidney of clarias gariepinus exposed to glyphosatebased herbicide