Full Project – antibacterial activity of Zea Mays and Cymbopogan Citrasus on bacteria isolated from urine of pregnant women

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of our urinary system, your kidney, ureters bladder and urethra. Most infections involves the lower urinary tract the bladder and the urethra. Women are at greater risk of developing a UTI then men. Urinary tract infection is high among women due to their  physiology in simple terms it can be referred as a condition which women will certainly encounter during the span of their life time and the prevalence is higher among women during pregnancy as the name indicates, the infected part involve the urinary tract comprising of the upper and lower urinary tract. The infection is named after the part that get infected and is referred to as cystitis (bladder infection) and phylonephiritis (kidney infection). The symptoms associated with the bladder  and kidney are contrasting which includes, painful and frequent urination in case of cystitis as a result of bladder infections, where as condition like high fever and flank pain, are commonly experienced in case of kidney contagion which is referred as phylonephritis (Jolley and Wing, 2010). Bacteria are the prime perpetrators responsible for conferring the infection among humans but the role of certain fungi and viruses cannot be overlooked. However, the incident of UTI as a result of viral and fungal infections are considered to be rare phenomena, though the infection seems to be harmless in the stage progresses and can lead to death in severe circumstance. Research study have defined urinary tract infection as the common form of bacterial infection, urinary tract infection can be a consequence of poor diagnosis and is regarded as the common hospital acquired infection, the infection en composes a diverse group of clinical syndrome and severity of  the condition (Lee et al., 2008).

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection caused by the presence and growth of micro organisms in the urinary tract (Koffuor et al.,2012).

It is usually due to bacteria from the digestive tract, which climb up to the opening of the urethra and begins to multiply to cause infection (Koffuor et al.,2012).

Stigma maydis (Corn silk of Zea mays) has been used against many pathogens and to treat urinary tract infections, as well as for treatment of high blood pressure and as a duiretic effect. Previous researches suggested that it can be used to enhance immunity and treatment of bladder pain in people with urinary tract infection, Corn silk is high in several nutrient including proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and fiber. It also contain chemicals which might work like water pills (diuretics) and it might alter blood sugar levels and help reduce inflamation (Morshed and Shahinul Islam 2015).

Researchers have found that Cymbopogan citrasus (lemongrass) have antioxidant, antiseptic, antibacterial and antifungal effects (Naik,2010).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Female are at more likely to develop UTI specifically bladder infection (cystisis), because their urethras are much shorter than male urethras, therefore bacteria can easily travel from vagina and anus to the bladder (Rivera, 2016).

Pregnant women are at an increased risk in developing (UTI)mainly due to a shift in the position of the urinary  tract and hormonal changes during pregnancy, that makes it easier for bacteria to travel up to the urethra to the kidney and lead to the development of both symptomatic and asymptomatic bacteriuria (Emillie and Edward,2011).

In most developing countries, screening for UTI in pregnancy is not considered as an essential part of antenatal care (Emillie and Edward, 2011).

1.3 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE RESEARCH

Urinary tract infection is the most common disorder caused by bacterial agents in pregnancy, which can lead to important complications in new born of such mothers. Therefore, appropriate diagnosis and treatment of the uropathogens is needed.

The development of bacterial resistance to presently available antibiotic has necessitated the search for new antibacterial agents. Hence, this research will be conducted to find the antibacterial activity of corn silk and lemongrass against uropathogens.

Herbal treatment of UTI may reduce the risk of side effects of antibiotics especially in pregnant women.

1.4 NULL HYPOTHESIS

• H0: There is no significant differences between the age groups of the pregnant women on bacteria with urinary tract infection.
• H0: There is no significant differences between the pathogens responsible for UTI in the pregnant women.
• H0: There is no significant difference between the susceptibility pattern of the isolates to the Corn silk and Lemongrass extracts.

1.5 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

AIM

• The aim of this research is to isolate the bacterial causative agents of UTI from urine of pregnant women and to determine the antibacterial activity of (Corn silk) Zea mays and Cymbopogan citrasus (lemon grass) plants.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives are:

1. To determine the phytochemical properties of corn silk and lemon grass.
2. 2. To assess the antibacterial activity of zea mays and Cymbopogan Citrasus plants against the isolates.

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Full Project – antibacterial activity of Zea Mays and Cymbopogan Citrasus on bacteria isolated from urine of pregnant women