COMPLETE PROJECT-THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF ESTEEM AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN NIGERIA
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to examine the The Relationship Between Self Esteem And Academic Performance Of Secondary School Students In Nigeria. The study was specifically set to ascertain whether self esteem is a significant determinant of students academic performance, ascertain the factors which influences student’s self esteem, determine whether there is a significant relationship between self esteem and the learning motivation of students and determine whether there is a significant relationship between self esteem and students’ participation in the learning process. The survey design was adopted and the simple random sampling techniques were employed in this study. The population size comprise of students of some selected secondary schools in Lekki, Lagos State. In determining the sample size, the researcher conveniently selected 229 respondents and 210 were validated. Self-constructed and validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The collected and validated questionnaires were analyzed using frequency tables and mean scores. While the hypotheses were tested using Pearson correlation statistical tool, SPSS v23. The result of the findings reveals that self esteem is a significant determinant of students academic performance.Furthermore the result of the findings reveals that the factors which influences student’s self esteem includes: the level of competence knowledge possessed, lack of parental support, bullying, poor learning outcome, peer pressure, unfriendly student-teach relationship and criticism. Therefore, it is recommended that parents and teachers should create a positive and supportive learning environment in which students feel adequately supported, encouraged, and recognized. Peer support groups that use the encouragement given by peers to make students feel part of a community of trust and support should be established. To mention but a few.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Of The Study
Competence knowledge and performance are interrelated concept and they are the key success for individual in their career. Due to the lack of each one can face many challenges their lives. Students with the lack of any of these may face various challenges in achieving intended outcomes which have been set out by their respected institutions or the goals they have for themselves. The lack of self esteem in students may not only create problem for students but for institutions areas of thereof and in effective implementation of curriculum.
Self esteem refers to the belief in oneself and his/her abilities. Self esteem depicts an inner state framed of what one thinks and feels about himself/herself and his/her abilities. Self esteem being an attribute of perceived self refers to an individual’s perceived ability to handle successfully the situations without relying on others and to encourage constructive selfevaluation. Self esteem thus is the courage to realize oneself, trust in oneself and abilities and act effectively on the beliefs and abilities. Self esteem amalgamates the capacities and the capabilities of the body and mind and directs them towards the goal. How much secure a person is in his/her own decision is described by the level of self esteem. Self esteem shows the level of confidence or belief or trust one has on his/her own self and abilities. Self esteem is an attitude which permits persons to be positive and realistic towards themselves and circumstances and situations of life.
Welford (2013), “Self esteem means being aware of when a person is struggling and having the strength and commitment to do something about it”. Rufus (2014) “Self esteem involves self-respect and having the courage to tell the truth about what you are, what you like and what you believe”. Dictionary of Psychology (2018) defines self esteem as an individual’s trust in his/her own abilities, capacities and judgements or belief that he or she can successfully face day to day challenges and demands. According to Neill (2005), self-esteem and self-efficacy in combination constitutes self esteem. Self esteem is an individual’s characteristic (a self-construct) which enables a person to have a positive or realistic view of themselves or situations that they are in (Sieler, 1998). It refers to a person’s expectation of his or her ability to achieve a goal in agiven situation and is a very influential factor in ensuring a person’s potential is realised (Stevens, 2005). In other words, a person with a high self esteem has a realistic view of himself and his capabilities which makes him persistent in his endeavours.
Most of the current crisis in the educational system is due to low self esteem that leaded a number of students having lack of enough participation and unsatisfactory progress after much time spends in the class. As Norman & Hyland (2003) state confidence is a factor in learning which can have its effects on students’ participation and progress. Self esteem is very necessary for a student to take risks and engage in the learning activities and those who have self esteem they are assured of their abilities and are setting goals for themselves and work hard to achieve their goals without worrying about the outcomes (Kanza, 2016).
Mutluer (2006) & Yavuzer (1998) (as cited in Sara, Avcu & Isiklar 2010) assert that human is born with selfconfidence but it is changeable during the age Students’ self esteem can be lowered due to students’ anxiety, self-insecurity, fear and feeling of being apart from the society (Rubio, 2007). According to Benabou & Tirole (2002), self esteem is very effective in motivating humans and can lead to changing human’s behavior. The self esteem should be considered as the quality of a student in which the student feels him/herself assured of successfully performing of different activities in the class and out of the class for the purpose of learning. However, the impact of self esteem in learning process the researcher means that how students’ learning varies when students experience either high self esteem or low self esteem. Functionally, learning is a set of changes which are brought to the behavior of a person resulting from the experiences done by a human (Houwer, Holmes & Moors, 2013). Taylor & Mackenney (2008, p.263) defines learning as a permanent change in the behavior of an individual. They further define learning as the act of engaging students in activities and letting them get knowledge through their sharing experiences or getting information from the teacher. Self esteem is defined as the believe or trust that a student has in performing something successfully (Kanza, 2016). According to Perkins (2018) self esteem is related to success, achievements in education, conciliation, and a persons’ well-being, among other things and self-efficacy, self-esteem, and self-compassion are the three factors which can affect the level of self esteem of any individual.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Although self esteem enhances a student’s motivation in learning process and its impact is explained thereof. There are various challenges exists for students with lower self esteem. For instance, Benabou & Tirole (2002) point out that there is still one big challenge that students are having as their vulnerability in learning is the lack of self esteem which can adversely affect the learning of any students. According to Rubio (2007) due to low self esteem many psychological barriers such as feeling of in secureness, fearfulness, having anxiety, and feeling yourself apart from the society are possible barriers that may arise for a student during the class which can adversely affects the performance of individual. They can consequently be leading an individual being distracted from the learning process. Based on personal experiences of the researchers, it has been observed that most of students at secodary schools having poor participation in classes. Since the participation is closely related to self esteem, this is the major concern that students’ poor performance maybe due to the lack of self esteem which can consequently affect their vulnerability in learning process.
According to Benabou & Tirole (2002) self esteem has its effect on motivation and can change humans’ behavior and is considered as a factor for students’ problem-solving skill. In addition to that Palavan (2017) states that students’ lack of self esteem can cause for students’ lack of motivation which in result can cause education become compulsory and make student show negative attitude toward learning. These are the key causes and inspirations for conducting the research.
1.3 Objectives Of The Study
The major of this study is to critically examine the relationship between self esteem and academic performance in secondary schools. By extension, this study will specifically;
- Ascertain whether self esteem is a significant determinant of students academic performance.
- Ascertain the factors which influences student’s self esteem.
- Determine whether there is a significant relationship between self esteem and the learning motivation of students.
- Determine whether there is a significant relationship between self esteem and students’ participation in the learning process.
1.4 Research Questions
The study will be guided by the following questions
- Is self esteem a significant determinant of students academic performance?
- What are the factors which influences student’s self esteem?
- Is there a significant relationship between self esteem and the learning motivation of students?
- Is there a significant relationship between self esteem and students’ participation in the learning process?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant relationship between self esteem and students’ academic performance.
Ha: There is a significant relationship between self esteem and students’ academic performance.
1.6 Significance Of The Study
A large body of current literature related to students’ self esteem shows that in many counties many researchers, specially: Sar, Avcu & Isiklar (2010) in Turkey, Verma & Kumari (2016) in Ludhiana (Punjab), Fatma (2015) in India, Karimi & Saadatmand (2014) in Asfahan, Al-Hebaish (2012) in Saudi and Gardner, Dukes & Discenza (1993) in San Francisco has considered self esteem as an important factor for enhancing students’ learning and many efforts has been taken for developing students’ self esteem in learning while less attention is paid to this issue in Nigeria context especially, secondary schools. There is need for measuring students’ self esteem and its impact on their academic performance to fill somehow the existed gap. This study will add to the existing literature of students’ self esteem through conducting a study related to students’ self esteem with a different population in different research cite. In addition to that, this study will benefit the ministry of higher education, curriculum designers, policy makers, teachers, and students in identifying the causes of their lower performance and possible solutions to exist in effective curriculum implementation. Moreover, this study will also help school teachers and students and other related organizations who deal and care with students’ self esteem. This study will give a clear picture of the students’ self esteem level and its effects in learning process to the thereof sectors.
1.7 Scope Of The Study
This study is to critically examine the relationship between self esteem and academic performance in secondary schools. The study will also unveil the factors which affects students confidence. Geographically, this study will be delimited to some selected secondary schools in Lekki, Lagos State.
1.8. Limitation Of The Study
Like in every human endeavour, the researcher encountered slight constraints while carrying out the study. Insufficient funds tend to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature, or information and in the process of data collection, which is why the researcher resorted to a limited choice of sample size. More so, the researcher simultaneously engaged in this study with other academic work. As a result, the amount of time spent on research will be reduced.
1.9 Definition Of Terms
Self esteem
Self esteem refers to an individual’s perceived ability to act effectively in a situation to overcome and to get things go all right.
Academic Participation
This is the degree to which students engage in educational learning tasks (such as school-related assignments and learning activities) in the process of formal education.
1.10 Organization of the Study
The study is categorized into five chapters. The first chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, research questions and hypothesis, the significance of the study, scope/limitations of the study, and definition of terms. The chapter two covers the review of literature with emphasis on conceptual framework, theoretical framework, and empirical review. Likewise, the chapter three which is the research methodology, specifically covers the research design, population of the study, sample size determination, sample size, and selection technique and procedure, research instrument and administration, method of data collection, method of data analysis, validity and reliability of the study, and ethical consideration. The second to last chapter being the chapter four presents the data presentation and analysis, while the last chapter(chapter five) contains the summary, conclusion and recommendation.
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