Project – The impact of doctrinal difference on the Church.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The Christian Church, despite its global presence and shared belief in Jesus Christ as Lord and Saviour, is characterized by a wide spectrum of doctrinal beliefs and theological interpretations. These doctrinal differences, which refer to variations in the understanding of Scripture, theology, ecclesiastical governance, and worship practices, have existed since the early days of Christianity (Grenz & Olson, 1992). While all churches draw from the same Bible, diverse hermeneutical approaches have produced multiple denominations and theological traditions. This phenomenon is especially prominent within Pentecostalism, a movement known for its vibrant expression and emphasis on personal spiritual experiences.
Within the Pentecostal tradition, doctrinal divergence is particularly pronounced. While Pentecostals generally share common beliefs in the baptism of the Holy Spirit, spiritual gifts, and a literal interpretation of Scripture, there is still significant variation in how these doctrines are understood and practiced. For instance, some churches emphasize holiness and sanctification as central doctrines, while others prioritize teachings on prosperity, deliverance from demonic oppression, and prophetic utterances. These theological emphases often become the distinguishing marks of various Pentecostal denominations and ministries (Anderson, 2004), leading to both diversity and division within the broader Pentecostal landscape.
Lagos, Nigeria stands out as a major epicenter for Pentecostal Christianity, with a proliferation of independent churches and mega-congregations. The city reflects a dynamic religious environment where theological innovation thrives alongside deep-rooted spiritual traditions. Doctrinal differences among Pentecostal churches in Lagos are vividly observed in their practices and teachings concerning tithing and offerings, women in leadership, speaking in tongues, faith healing, eschatology, and the administration of sacraments such as baptism and communion. These differences are not only theological but also cultural and strategic, as churches compete for members and visibility in a saturated religious marketplace (Ukah, 2008).
Such divergence in doctrine, while a reflection of theological freedom and contextual relevance, has not been without consequences. Believers are sometimes confused by conflicting teachings and may struggle to discern doctrinal truth amidst the noise. In other instances, members migrate from one church to another in search of more appealing teachings or experiences, leading to instability in church membership. Furthermore, doctrinal disagreements among church leaders have caused rifts, church splits, and a loss of credibility in the eyes of the public. These developments challenge the biblical call to unity and mutual edification among believers.
Theologically, some scholars contend that doctrinal diversity can be healthy, as it allows the Church to respond to different cultural contexts and spiritual needs. This view sees theological variety as a sign of the Church’s richness and capacity for adaptation. However, others argue that unchecked doctrinal fragmentation threatens the unity and witness of the Church, especially when core Christian truths are compromised or overshadowed by sensational doctrines and unbalanced emphases (Ojo, 2006). The tension between diversity and division thus becomes a critical area of inquiry within ecclesiology and practical theology.
Against this backdrop, the present study seeks to explore the impact of doctrinal differences on selected Pentecostal churches in Lagos. It aims to understand how these differences influence church unity, spiritual development, leadership dynamics, and the overall perception of the Church in society. By engaging with pastors, leaders, and congregants, the study hopes to shed light on whether doctrinal diversity within Pentecostalism in Lagos enhances the faith or contributes to its fragmentation, and how churches can manage these differences constructively in pursuit of unity and growth.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
In recent decades, Pentecostal churches in Lagos have witnessed remarkable numerical growth, vibrant worship, and a heightened public presence. However, alongside this growth is the increasing phenomenon of doctrinal divergence, which continues to challenge the internal cohesion and collective witness of the Church. Many Pentecostal churches, though operating under the broad umbrella of Spirit-led Christianity, hold fundamentally different theological positions on critical issues such as salvation, sanctification, divine healing, eschatology, and spiritual gifts. These doctrinal inconsistencies have become more pronounced as churches adopt varying interpretations of Scripture, often tailored to cultural, economic, or leadership preferences.
The disagreements on core doctrinal matters have, in many cases, led to unhealthy competition among churches, mistrust among pastors and leaders, and confusion among congregants. For instance, while one church may teach prosperity as a divine right, another may emphasize suffering and self-denial as the path to spiritual maturity. These contrasting teachings can lead to disillusionment, spiritual instability, and the tendency for members to “church-hop” in search of teachings that suit their preferences. Moreover, when leaders publicly criticize other denominations’ doctrines, it fosters division, breeds hostility, and detracts from the message of love and unity that Christianity is meant to represent.
This doctrinal fragmentation has also led to structural problems within the church. In extreme cases, it has resulted in church splits, leadership crises, and the emergence of splinter groups who establish new ministries based on opposing theological views. Such events not only weaken institutional stability but also present a fractured image of the Church to the watching world. When the Christian faith appears inconsistent, it undermines the credibility of its message and reduces its capacity to influence society positively. The unity that Jesus prayed for in John 17:21 is thus compromised by doctrinal disunity among His followers.
These challenges raise a number of pressing questions that demand scholarly attention. How do doctrinal differences impact the spiritual development and worldview of Pentecostal believers? Do they enrich or diminish the sense of purpose and identity within congregations? Are they merely reflections of healthy theological diversity, or do they point to deeper issues of biblical illiteracy, leadership ego, or cultural manipulation? Furthermore, what is the effect of these differences on evangelism, discipleship, and the overall public perception of the Pentecostal movement in Lagos?
In light of these concerns, this study seeks to investigate the real and perceived impact of doctrinal differences on selected Pentecostal churches in Lagos. By exploring the lived experiences of pastors, church workers, and congregants, the research aims to identify patterns, challenges, and opportunities that emerge from theological divergence. Ultimately, the goal is to contribute to ongoing conversations on church unity, doctrinal integrity, and spiritual maturity, offering practical recommendations for navigating doctrinal differences in a manner that fosters love, accountability, and collective growth within the body of Christ.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The primary objective of this study is to examine the impact of doctrinal differences on selected Pentecostal churches in Lagos, Nigeria.
Specific objectives are to:
- Identify the major doctrinal differences among selected Pentecostal churches in Lagos.
- Examine how these differences influence church practices, membership, and leadership.
- Analyze the effects of doctrinal divergence on church unity and public perception.
- Suggest possible approaches to managing doctrinal differences constructively within the Pentecostal framework.
1.4 Research Questions
The research questions are buttressed below:
- What are the primary doctrinal differences among selected Pentecostal churches in Lagos?
- How do these differences influence church governance, worship, and member relationships?
- In what ways do doctrinal variations affect the unity and public image of Pentecostal churches?
- What measures can be taken to address the negative implications of doctrinal differences?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
H₀: There is no significant relationship between doctrinal difference and church unity.
H₁: There is a significant relationship between doctrinal difference and church unity.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study is significant as it seeks to contribute to the broader theological and sociological discourse surrounding doctrinal diversity within Christianity, particularly within the Pentecostal tradition. As churches continue to grow and evolve, doctrinal differences have become increasingly complex, influencing how believers interpret their faith and engage with one another. By exploring these differences, the study offers a nuanced understanding of how theology shapes religious identity, worship practices, and church structure, especially in the context of a highly religious and urbanized setting like Lagos.
Secondly, the findings of this study are expected to be particularly valuable to church leaders, pastors, and denominational heads who are tasked with shepherding diverse congregations. Many of these leaders face the challenge of maintaining theological soundness while responding to the expectations of their members and the pressures of contemporary culture. This research can help leaders evaluate how their church doctrines influence unity, membership retention, and public witness, and can assist them in promoting healthy theological engagement within their churches.
Thirdly, the study will be beneficial to theologians, Bible scholars, and seminary educators who are involved in the training and equipping of future ministers. As doctrinal differences remain a key challenge in theological education, the insights from this research can inform curriculum development, pastoral training programs, and ecumenical efforts aimed at fostering doctrinal clarity and unity. The findings can also be used to encourage critical thinking, respectful theological debate, and the development of biblically grounded doctrinal positions.
Furthermore, the research is of practical importance to policymakers within Christian organizations and denominational bodies. It provides a scholarly basis for developing frameworks that guide doctrinal engagement, inter-church dialogue, and the resolution of theological conflicts. In a context where doctrinal disputes often lead to church splits or ministerial rivalry, this study offers a foundation for promoting tolerance, accountability, and mutual respect among churches with varying theological emphases.
In addition, the study holds significance for Christian members themselves — the congregants who are often caught between competing doctrinal claims. By shedding light on the nature and impact of doctrinal differences, the research can help believers become more discerning, scripturally grounded, and less susceptible to confusion or manipulation. It also seeks to encourage maturity among members in how they respond to theological diversity within the body of Christ.
Ultimately, the study aims to enhance the spiritual and communal health of the Pentecostal movement in Lagos and, by extension, Nigeria. Through the identification of both the challenges and opportunities presented by doctrinal differences, the study contributes to a more unified, effective, and Christ-centered Church. It aspires to support efforts aimed at strengthening the Church’s public image, doctrinal integrity, and capacity to minister effectively in a pluralistic and increasingly complex world.
1.7 Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This research is limited to selected Pentecostal churches in Lagos, Nigeria. It focuses on churches that differ in doctrines related to spiritual gifts, prosperity theology, salvation, holiness, and other theological tenets. While doctrinal differences exist in other Christian traditions, this study specifically investigates their implications within the Pentecostal movement. The study is also delimited to the views of pastors, church leaders, and regular congregants from the selected churches.
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms
Doctrine: Doctrine refers to the official teachings or beliefs that a church upholds and communicates to its members. These teachings are typically derived from Scripture, theological traditions, and historical church interpretations. Doctrines provide a framework for understanding essential aspects of the Christian faith such as the nature of God, salvation, baptism, the Holy Spirit, and Christian living. They shape the identity, practices, and worldview of a faith community, guiding both individual and corporate spiritual development.
Doctrinal Difference: Doctrinal difference denotes the variations or disagreements that exist among Christian churches or denominations regarding theological interpretations and religious practices. These may include differing views on issues such as the Trinity, salvation by grace or works, baptism mode and meaning, tithing, speaking in tongues, or eschatology. Such differences often arise from diverse hermeneutical approaches, cultural contexts, denominational histories, or leadership perspectives. While some doctrinal differences are minor and tolerated within Christian unity, others have led to denominational splits and theological disputes.
Pentecostal Churches: Pentecostal churches are Christian congregations that emphasize the power and presence of the Holy Spirit as central to the believer’s life. These churches often highlight spiritual experiences such as speaking in tongues, divine healing, prophecy, miracles, and expressive forms of worship. Rooted in the Pentecostal revival movements of the early 20th century, these churches promote a vibrant and experiential faith, often marked by charismatic leadership, dynamic preaching, and an emphasis on personal holiness and evangelism. In Nigeria, Pentecostalism has become one of the most influential expressions of Christianity.
Church Unity: Church unity refers to the condition of harmony, mutual respect, and cooperation among members, leaders, and denominations within the Christian faith. It implies shared beliefs on core doctrines, a common commitment to the mission of Christ, and a willingness to maintain fellowship despite differences in non-essential matters. True unity does not necessarily mean uniformity, but rather the capacity to work together in love and truth. In the context of this study, church unity examines how doctrinal differences either strengthen or weaken the relational and functional bonds within and between Pentecostal churches.
Church Growth: Church growth encompasses the numerical increase in church membership, the deepening of spiritual maturity among believers, and the development of church structures and outreach efforts. It includes both quantitative expansion (such as larger congregations and more branches) and qualitative growth (such as stronger discipleship, effective leadership, and community impact). Church growth is often influenced by factors such as leadership, doctrine, worship style, evangelism strategies, and socio-cultural relevance. This study considers how doctrinal alignment or divergence affects the pace and quality of growth among Pentecostal churches in Lagos.